Comprehensive Evaluation of Nutritional Quality, Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Microbial Safety of Date Palm Sap from Different Cultivars

Abstract

This study evaluated the nutritional quality and health safety of date palm sap from four Libyan cultivars (Amy, Bekrari, Dokar, and Tabony) and one Tunisian Bekrari sample. Chemical analyses showed significant variation among samples, with Dokar sap recording the highest total solids content (27.55 °Brix), while exhibiting the lowest total acidity (0.065%) and pH (7.00). Phytochemical screening revealed high levels of glycosides, phenols, and flavonoids in all samples. The Libyan Bekrari sap contained the highest total polyphenol content (10.81 mg GAE/g). Mineral analysis demonstrated that date sap is a rich source of essential minerals, particularly potassium, calcium, and phosphorus. Microbiological examination detected coliform bacteria (45–551 × 10² CFU/ml) and yeasts and molds (2–73 × 10² CFU/ml) in the analyzed samples, whereas Escherichia coli was absent in all cases. These findings highlight the nutritional and functional value of date sap but also indicate concerns regarding microbial contamination. The study emphasizes the need for improved hygienic practices during sap collection, handling, and packaging to enhance product safety and shelf life. Furthermore, the results provide important baseline data that may support the development of quality standards and safety regulations for date palm sap intended for human consumption in Libya.