The Role of Biofertilizers in Mitigating Heat Stress Damage in Date Palm- Review Article

Abstract

Abstract

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important strategic crops in arid and semi-arid regions. However, climate change and rising temperatures have become increasing challenges to the sustainability of its production by causing physiological and biochemical disturbances that negatively affect growth and productivity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of heat stress on date palm, with particular emphasis on the role of biofertilizers as a sustainable agricultural approach to enhance plant adaptation to high-temperature conditions. The review discusses the various mechanisms employed by beneficial microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and endophytic fungi, in improving water and nutrient uptake, activating antioxidant defense systems, inducing heat shock protein production, and maintaining photosynthetic efficiency and cellular membrane stability. It also highlights the role of biofertilizers in improving the physical and biological properties of soil and enhancing microbial diversity, thereby contributing to the sustainability of agricultural systems. Furthermore, the review addresses key research challenges and future perspectives, including the interactions between introduced microorganisms and native microbial communities, as well as the application of modern molecular techniques to evaluate biofertilizer efficiency and their long-term environmental impacts. Available evidence indicates that integrating biofertilizers into date palm management programs represents a promising strategy for improving heat stress tolerance and enhancing the sustainability of agricultural production under accelerating climate change.